next up previous contents
Next: The Open Source Definition, Up: Open Sources Voices from Previous: Into the Future

The Tanenbaum-Torvalds Debate

What follows in this appendix are what are known in the community as the Tanenbaum/Linus "Linux is obsolete" debates. Andrew Tanenbaum is a well-respected researcher who has made a very good living thinking about operating systems and OS design. In early 1992, noticing the way that the Linux discussion had taken over the discussion in comp.os.minix, he decided it was time to comment on Linux.

Although Andrew Tanenbaum has been derided for his heavy hand and misjudgements of the Linux kernel, such a reaction to Tanenbaum is unfair. When Linus himself heard that we were including this, he wanted to make sure that the world understood that he holds no animus towards Tanenbaum and in fact would not have sanctioned its inclusion if we had not been able to convince him that it would show the way the world was thinking about OS design at the time.

We felt the inclusion of this appendix would give a good perspective on how things were when Linus was under pressure because he abandoned the idea of microkernels in academia. The first third of Linus' essay discusses this further.

Electronic copies of this debate are available on the Web and are easily found through any search service. It's fun to read this and note who joined into the discussion; you see user-hacker Ken Thompson (one of the founders of Unix) and David Miller (who is a major Linux kernel hacker now), as well as many others.

To put this discussion into perspective, when it occurred in 1992, the 386 was the dominating chip and the 486 had not come out on the market. Microsoft was still a small company selling DOS and Word for DOS. Lotus 123 ruled the spreadsheet space and WordPerfect the word processing market. DBASE was the dominant database vendor and many companies that are household names today -- Netscape, Yahoo, Excite -- simply did not exist.

                    From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum)
                    Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
                    Subject: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 29 Jan 92 12:12:50 GMT
                    
                    I was in the U.S. for a couple of weeks, so I haven't commented much on
                    LINUX (not that I would have said much had I been around), but for what 
                    it is worth, I have a couple of comments now.
                    
                    As most of you know, for me MINIX is a hobby, something that I do in the
                    evening when I get bored writing books and there are no major wars,
                    revolutions, or senate hearings being televised live on CNN. My real
                    job is a professor and researcher in the area of operating systems.
                    
                    As a result of my occupation, I think I know a bit about where operating
                    are going in the next decade or so. Two aspects stand out:
                    
                    1. MICROKERNEL VS MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
                       Most older operating systems are monolithic, that is, the whole operating
                       system is a single a.out file that runs in 'kernel mode.'  This binary
                       contains the process management, memory management, file system and the
                       rest. Examples of such systems are UNIX, MS-DOS, VMS, MVS, OS/360, 
                       MULTICS, and many more.
                    
                       The alternative is a microkernel-based system, in which most of the OS
                       runs as separate processes, mostly outside the kernel.  They communicate
                       by message passing.  The kernel's job is to handle the message passing,
                       interrupt handling, low-level process management, and possibly the I/O.
                       Examples of this design are the RC4000, Amoeba, Chorus, Mach, and the
                       not-yet-released Windows/NT.
                    
                       While I could go into a long story here about the relative merits of the
                       two designs, suffice it to say that among the people who actually design
                       operating systems, the debate is essentially over.  Microkernels have won.
                       The only real argument for monolithic systems was performance, and there
                       is now enough evidence showing that microkernel systems can be just as
                       fast as monolithic systems (e.g., Rick Rashid has published papers comparing
                       Mach 3.0 to monolithic systems) that it is now all over but the shoutin'.
                    
                       MINIX is a microkernel-based system.  The file system and memory management
                       are separate processes, running outside the kernel.  The I/O drivers are
                       also separate processes (in the kernel, but only because the brain-dead
                       nature of the Intel CPUs makes that difficult to do otherwise).  LINUX is
                       a monolithic style system.  This is a giant step back into the 1970s.
                       That is like taking an existing, working C program and rewriting it in
                       BASIC.  To me, writing a monolithic system in 1991 is a truly poor idea.
                    
                    2. PORTABILITY
                       Once upon a time there was the 4004 CPU.  When it grew up it became an
                       8008.  Then it underwent plastic surgery and became the 8080.  It begat
                       the 8086, which begat the 8088, which begat the 80286, which begat the
                       80386, which begat the 80486, and so on unto the N-th generation.  In
                       the meantime, RISC chips happened, and some of them are running at over
                       100 MIPS.  Speeds of 200 MIPS and more are likely in the coming years.
                       These things are not going to suddenly vanish.  What is going to happen
                       is that they will gradually take over from the 80x86 line.  They will
                       run old MS-DOS programs by interpreting the 80386 in software.  (I even
                       wrote my own IBM PC simulator in C, which you can get by FTP from
                       ftp.cs.vu.nl =  192.31.231.42 in dir minix/simulator.)  I think it is a
                       gross error to design an OS for any specific architecture, since that is
                       not going to be around all that long.
                    
                       MINIX was designed to be reasonably portable, and has been ported from the
                       Intel line to the 680x0 (Atari, Amiga, Macintosh), SPARC, and NS32016.
                       LINUX is tied fairly closely to the 80x86.  Not the way to go.
                    
                    Don't get me wrong, I am not unhappy with LINUX.  It will get all the people
                    who want to turn MINIX in BSD UNIX off my back.  But in all honesty, I would
                    suggest that people who want a **MODERN** "free" OS look around for a 
                    microkernel-based, portable OS, like maybe GNU or something like that.
                    
                    Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl)
                    
                    P.S. Just as a random aside, Amoeba has a UNIX emulator (running in user
                    space), but it is far from complete.  If there are any people who would
                    like to work on that, please let me know.  To run Amoeba you need a few 386s,
                    one of which needs 16M, and all of which need the WD Ethernet card.
                    From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 29 Jan 92 23:14:26 GMT
                    Organization: University of Helsinki
                    
                    Well, with a subject like this, I'm afraid I'll have to reply. 
                    Apologies to minix-users who have heard enough about linux anyway.  I'd
                    like to be able to just "ignore the bait", but ...  Time for some
                    serious flamefesting!
                    
                    In article <12595@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >
                    >I was in the U.S. for a couple of weeks, so I haven't commented much on
                    >LINUX (not that I would have said much had I been around), but for what 
                    >it is worth, I have a couple of comments now.
                    >
                    >As most of you know, for me MINIX is a hobby, something that I do in the
                    >evening when I get bored writing books and there are no major wars,
                    >revolutions, or senate hearings being televised live on CNN.  My real
                    >job is a professor and researcher in the area of operating systems.
                    
                    You use this as an excuse for the limitations of minix? Sorry, but you
                    loose: I've got more excuses than you have, and linux still beats the
                    pants of minix in almost all areas.  Not to mention the fact that most
                    of the good code for PC minix seems to have been written by Bruce Evans. 
                    
                    Re 1: you doing minix as a hobby - look at who makes money off minix,
                    and who gives linux out for free.  Then talk about hobbies.  Make minix
                    freely available, and one of my biggest gripes with it will disappear. 
                    Linux has very much been a hobby (but a serious one: the best type) for
                    me: I get no money for it, and it's not even part of any of my studies
                    in the university.  I've done it all on my own time, and on my own
                    machine. 
                    
                    Re 2: your job is being a professor and researcher: That's one hell of a
                    good excuse for some of the brain-damages of minix. I can only hope (and
                    assume) that Amoeba doesn't suck like minix does.
                    
                    >1. MICROKERNEL VS MONOLITHIC SYSTEM
                    
                    True, linux is monolithic, and I agree that microkernels are nicer. With
                    a less argumentative subject, I'd probably have agreed with most of what
                    you said. From a theoretical (and aesthetical) standpoint linux looses.
                    If the GNU kernel had been ready last spring, I'd not have bothered to
                    even start my project: the fact is that it wasn't and still isn't. Linux
                    wins heavily on points of being available now.
                    
                    >   MINIX is a microkernel-based system. [deleted, but not so that you
                    > miss the point ]  LINUX is a monolithic style system.
                    
                    If this was the only criterion for the "goodness" of a kernel, you'd be
                    right.  What you don't mention is that minix doesn't do the micro-kernel
                    thing very well, and has problems with real multitasking (in the
                    kernel).  If I had made an OS that had problems with a multithreading
                    filesystem, I wouldn't be so fast to condemn others: in fact, I'd do my
                    damndest to make others forget about the fiasco.
                    
                    [ yes, I know there are multithreading hacks for minix, but they are
                    hacks, and bruce evans tells me there are lots of race conditions ]
                    
                    >2. PORTABILITY
                    
                    "Portability is for people who cannot write new programs"
                                 -me, right now (with tongue in cheek)
                    
                    The fact is that linux is more portable than minix.  What? I hear you
                    say.  It's true - but not in the sense that ast means: I made linux as
                    conformant to standards as I knew how (without having any POSIX standard
                    in front of me).  Porting things to linux is generally /much/ easier
                    than porting them to minix.
                    
                    I agree that portability is a good thing: but only where it actually has
                    some meaning.  There is no idea in trying to make an operating system
                    overly portable: adhering to a portable API is good enough.  The very
                    /idea/ of an operating system is to use the hardware features, and hide
                    them behind a layer of high-level calls.  That is exactly what linux
                    does: it just uses a bigger subset of the 386 features than other
                    kernels seem to do.  Of course this makes the kernel proper unportable,
                    but it also makes for a /much/ simpler design.  An acceptable trade-off,
                    and one that made linux possible in the first place.
                    
                    I also agree that linux takes the non-portability to an extreme: I got
                    my 386 last January, and linux was partly a project to teach me about
                    it.  Many things should have been done more portably if it would have
                    been a real project.  I'm not making overly many excuses about it
                    though: it was a design decision, and last april when I started the
                    thing, I didn't think anybody would actually want to use it.  I'm happy
                    to report I was wrong, and as my source is freely available, anybody is
                    free to try to port it, even though it won't be easy. 
                    
                              Linus
                    
                    PS. I apologise for sometimes sounding too harsh: minix is nice enough
                    if you have nothing else. Amoeba might be nice if you have 5-10 spare
                    386's lying around, but I certainly don't. I don't usually get into
                    flames, but I'm touchy when it comes to linux :)
                    From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 30 Jan 92 13:44:34 GMT
                    
                    In article <1992Jan29.231426.20469@klaava.Helsinki.FI> torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.
                    FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds) writes:
                    >You use this [being a professor] as an excuse for the limitations of minix? 
                    The limitations of MINIX relate at least partly to my being a professor:
                    An explicit design goal was to make it run on cheap hardware so students
                    could afford it.  In particular, for years it ran on a regular 4.77 MHZ PC
                    with no hard disk.  You could do everything here including modify and recompile
                    the system.  Just for the record, as of about 1 year ago, there were two
                    versions, one for the PC (360K diskettes) and one for the 286/386 (1.2M).
                    The PC version was outselling the 286/386 version by 2 to 1.  I don't have
                    figures, but my guess is that the fraction of the 60 million existing PCs that
                    are 386/486 machines as opposed to 8088/286/680x0 etc is small.  Among students
                    it is even smaller. Making software free, but only for folks with enough money
                    to buy first class hardware is an interesting concept.
                    Of course 5 years from now that will be different, but 5 years from now 
                    everyone will be running free GNU on their 200 MIPS, 64M SPARCstation-5.
                    
                    >Re 2: your job is being a professor and researcher: That's one hell of a
                    >good excuse for some of the brain-damages of minix. I can only hope (and
                    >assume) that Amoeba doesn't suck like minix does.
                    Amoeba was not designed to run on an 8088 with no hard disk.
                    
                    >If this was the only criterion for the "goodness" of a kernel, you'd be
                    >right.  What you don't mention is that minix doesn't do the micro-kernel
                    >thing very well, and has problems with real multitasking (in the
                    >kernel).  If I had made an OS that had problems with a multithreading
                    >filesystem, I wouldn't be so fast to condemn others: in fact, I'd do my
                    >damndest to make others forget about the fiasco.
                    A multithreaded file system is only a performance hack.  When there is only
                    one job active, the normal case on a small PC, it buys you nothing and adds
                    complexity to the code.  On machines fast enough to support multiple users,
                    you probably have enough buffer cache to insure a hit cache hit rate, in
                    which case multithreading also buys you nothing.  It is only a win when there
                    are multiple processes actually doing real disk I/O.  Whether it is worth
                    making the system more complicated for this case is at least debatable.
                    
                    I still maintain the point that designing a monolithic kernel in 1991 is
                    a fundamental error.  Be thankful you are not my student.  You would not
                    get a high grade for such a design :-)
                    
                    >The fact is that linux is more portable than minix.  What? I hear you
                    >say.  It's true - but not in the sense that ast means: I made linux as
                    >conformant to standards as I knew how (without having any POSIX standard
                    >in front of me).  Porting things to linux is generally /much/ easier
                    >than porting them to minix.
                    MINIX was designed before POSIX, and is now being (slowly) POSIXized as 
                    everyone who follows this newsgroup knows.  Everyone agrees that user-level 
                    standards are a good idea.  As an aside, I congratulate you for being able 
                    to write a POSIX-conformant system without having the POSIX standard in front 
                    of you. I find it difficult enough after studying the standard at great length.
                    
                    My point is that writing a new operating system that is closely tied to any
                    particular piece of hardware, especially a weird one like the Intel line,
                    is basically wrong.  An OS itself should be easily portable to new hardware
                    platforms.  When OS/360 was written in assembler for the IBM 360
                    25 years ago, they probably could be excused.  When MS-DOS was written
                    specifically for the 8088 ten years ago, this was less than brilliant, as
                    IBM and Microsoft now only too painfully realize. Writing a new OS only for the
                    386 in 1991 gets you your second 'F' for this term.  But if you do real well
                    on the final exam, you can still pass the course.
                    
                    Prof. Andrew S. Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl)
                    From: feustel@netcom.COM (David Feustel)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 30 Jan 92 18:57:28 GMT
                    Organization: DAFCO - An OS/2 Oasis
                    
                    ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    
                    >I still maintain the point that designing a monolithic kernel in 1991 is
                    >a fundamental error.  Be thankful you are not my student.  You would not
                    >get a high grade for such a design :-)
                    
                    That's ok. Einstein got lousy grades in math and physics.
                    From: pete@ohm.york.ac.uk (-Pete French.)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 31 Jan 92 09:49:37 GMT
                    Organization: Electronics Department, University of York, UK
                    
                    in article <1992Jan30.195850.7023@epas.toronto.edu>, meggin@epas.utoronto.ca 
                    (David Megginson) says:
                    > 
                    > In article <1992Jan30.185728.26477feustel@netcom.COM> feustel@netcom.COM 
                    (David > Feustel) writes:
                    >>
                    >>That's ok. Einstein got lousy grades in math and physics.
                    > 
                    > And Dan Quayle got low grades in political science. I think that there
                    > are more Dan Quayles than Einsteins out there... ;-)
                    
                    What a horrible thought !
                    
                    But on the points about microkernel v monolithic, isnt this partly an
                    artifact of the language being used ? MINIX may well be designed as a
                    microkernel system, but in the end you still end up with a large
                    monolithic chunk of binary data that gets loaded in as "the OS". Isnt it
                    written as separate programs simply because C does not support the idea
                    of multiple processes within a single piece of monolithic code. Is there
                    any real difference between a microkernel written as several pieces of C
                    and a monolithic kernel written in something like OCCAM ? I would have
                    thought that in this case the monolithic design would be a better one
                    than the micorkernel style since with the advantage of inbuilt
                    language concurrency the kernel could be made even more modular than the
                    MINIX one is.
                    
                    Anyone for MINOX :-)
                    
                    -bat.
                    From: kt4@prism.gatech.EDU (Ken Thompson)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 3 Feb 92 23:07:54 GMT
                    Organization: Georgia Institute of Technology
                    
                    viewpoint may be largely unrelated to its usefulness. Many if not
                    most of the software we use is probably obsolete according to the 
                    latest design criteria. Most users could probably care less if the
                    internals of the operating system they use is obsolete. They are
                    rightly more interested in its performance and capabilities at the
                    user level.
                    
                    I would generally agree that microkernels are probably the wave of
                    the future. However, it is in my opinion easier to implement a
                    monolithic kernel. It is also easier for it to turn into a mess in
                    a hurry as it is modified.
                    
                                        Regards,
                                            Ken
                    From: kevin@taronga.taronga.com (Kevin Brown)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 4 Feb 92 08:08:42 GMT
                    Organization: University of Houston
                    
                    In article <47607@hydra.gatech.EDU> kt4@prism.gatech.EDU (Ken Thompson) writes:
                    >viewpoint may be largely unrelated to its usefulness. Many if not
                    >most of the software we use is probably obsolete according to the 
                    >latest design criteria. Most users could probably care less if the
                    >internals of the operating system they use is obsolete. They are
                    >rightly more interested in its performance and capabilities at the
                    >user level.
                    >
                    >I would generally agree that microkernels are probably the wave of
                    >the future. However, it is in my opinion easier to implement a
                    >monolithic kernel. It is also easier for it to turn into a mess in
                    >a hurry as it is modified.
                    
                    How difficult is it to structure the source tree of a monolithic kernel
                    such that most modifications don't have a large negative impact on the
                    source?  What sorts of pitfalls do you run into in this sort of endeavor,
                    and what suggestions do you have for dealing with them?
                    
                    I guess what I'm asking is: how difficult is it to organize the source
                    such that most changes to the kernel remain localized in scope, even
                    though the kernel itself is monolithic?
                    
                    I figure you've got years of experience with monolithic kernels :-),
                    so I'd think you'd have the best shot at answering questions like
                    these.
                    
                                        Kevin Brown
                    From: rburns@finess.Corp.Sun.COM (Randy Burns)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 30 Jan 92 20:33:07 GMT
                    Organization: Sun Microsystems, Mt. View, Ca.
                    
                    In article <12615@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >In article <1992Jan29.231426.20469@klaava.Helsinki.FI> torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.
                    >FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds) writes:
                    
                    >Of course 5 years from now that will be different, but 5 years from now 
                    >everyone will be running free GNU on their 200 MIPS, 64M SPARCstation-5.
                    Well, I for one would _love_ to see this happen.
                    
                    >>The fact is that linux is more portable than minix.  What? I hear you
                    >>say.  It's true - but not in the sense that ast means: I made linux as
                    >>conformant to standards as I knew how (without having any POSIX standard
                    >>in front of me).  Porting things to linux is generally /much/ easier
                    >>than porting them to minix.
                    .........
                    >My point is that writing a new operating system that is closely tied to any
                    >particular piece of hardware, especially a weird one like the Intel line,
                    >is basically wrong. 
                    First off, the parts of Linux tuned most finely to the 80x86 are the Kernel
                    and the devices. My own sense is that even if Linux is simply a stopgap
                    measure to let us all run GNU software, it is still worthwhile to have a
                    a finely tuned kernel for the most numerous architecture presently in 
                    existance.
                    
                    > An OS itself should be easily portable to new hardware
                    >platforms. 
                    Well, the only part of Linux that isn't portable is the kernel and drivers.
                    Compare to the compilers, utilities, windowing system etc. this is really
                    a small part of the effort. Since Linux has a large degree of call
                    compatibility with portable OS's I wouldn't complain. I'm personally 
                    very grateful to have an OS that makes it more likely that some of us will 
                    be able to take advantage of the software that has come out of Berkeley,
                    FSF, CMU etc. It may well be that in 2-3 years when ultra cheap BSD
                    variants and Hurd proliferate, that Linux will be obsolete. Still, right
                    now Linux greatly reduces the cost of using tools like gcc, bison, bash
                    which are useful in the development of  such an OS.
                    From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 31 Jan 92 10:33:23 GMT
                    Organization: University of Helsinki
                    
                    In article <12615@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >The limitations of MINIX relate at least partly to my being a professor:
                    >An explicit design goal was to make it run on cheap hardware so students
                    >could afford it.
                    
                    All right: a real technical point, and one that made some of my comments
                    inexcusable.  But at the same time you shoot yourself in the foot a bit:
                    now you admit that some of the errors of minix were that it was too
                    portable: including machines that weren't really designed to run unix. 
                    That assumption lead to the fact that minix now cannot easily be
                    extended to have things like paging, even for machines that would
                    support it.  Yes, minix is portable, but you can rewrite that as
                    "doesn't use any features", and still be right.
                    
                    >A multithreaded file system is only a performance hack.
                    
                    Not true.  It's a performance hack /on a microkernel/, but it's an
                    automatic feature when you write a monolithic kernel - one area where
                    microkernels don't work too well (as I pointed out in my personal mail
                    to ast).  When writing a unix the "obsolete" way, you automatically get
                    a multithreaded kernel: every process does it's own job, and you don't
                    have to make ugly things like message queues to make it work
                    efficiently. 
                    
                    Besides, there are people who would consider "only a performance hack"
                    vital: unless you have a cray-3, I'd guess everybody gets tired of
                    waiting on the computer all the time. I know I did with minix (and yes,
                    I do with linux too, but it's /much/ better).
                    
                    >I still maintain the point that designing a monolithic kernel in 1991 is
                    >a fundamental error.  Be thankful you are not my student.  You would not
                    >get a high grade for such a design :-)
                    
                    Well, I probably won't get too good grades even without you: I had an
                    argument (completely unrelated - not even pertaining to OS's) with the
                    person here at the university that teaches OS design.  I wonder when
                    I'll learn :)
                    
                    >My point is that writing a new operating system that is closely tied to any
                    >particular piece of hardware, especially a weird one like the Intel line,
                    >is basically wrong.
                    
                    But /my/ point is that the operating system /isn't/ tied to any
                    processor line: UNIX runs on most real processors in existence.  Yes,
                    the /implementation/ is hardware-specific, but there's a HUGE
                    difference.  You mention OS/360 and MS-DOG as examples of bad designs
                    as they were hardware-dependent, and I agree.  But there's a big
                    difference between these and linux: linux API is portable (not due to my
                    clever design, but due to the fact that I decided to go for a fairly-
                    well-thought-out and tested OS: unix.)
                    
                    If you write programs for linux today, you shouldn't have too many
                    surprises when you just recompile them for Hurd in the 21st century.  As
                    has been noted (not only by me), the linux kernel is a miniscule part of
                    a complete system: Full sources for linux currently runs to about 200kB
                    compressed - full sources to a somewhat complete developement system is
                    at least 10MB compressed (and easily much, much more). And all of that
                    source is portable, except for this tiny kernel that you can (provably:
                    I did it) re-write totally from scratch in less than a year without
                    having /any/ prior knowledge.
                    
                    In fact the /whole/ linux kernel is much smaller than the 386-dependent
                    things in mach: i386.tar.Z for the current version of mach is well over
                    800kB compressed (823391 bytes according to nic.funet.fi).  Admittedly,
                    mach is "somewhat" bigger and has more features, but that should still
                    tell you something. 
                    
                              Linus
                    From: kaufman@eecs.nwu.edu (Michael L. Kaufman)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 3 Feb 92 22:27:48 GMT
                    Organization: EECS Department, Northwestern University
                    
                    I tried to send these two posts from work, but I think they got eaten. If you
                    have seen them already, sorry.
                    
                    
                    Andy Tanenbaum writes an interesting article (also interesting was finding out
                    that he actually reads this group) but I think he is missing an important 
                    point.
                    
                    He Wrote:
                    >As most of you know, for me MINIX is a hobby, ...
                    
                    Which is also probably true of most, if not all, of the people who are involved
                    in Linux. We are not developing a system to take over the OS market, we are
                    just having a good time.
                    
                    >   What is going to happen
                    >   is that they will gradually take over from the 80x86 line.  They will
                    >   run old MS-DOS programs by interpreting the 80386 in software.
                    
                    Well when this happens, if I still want to play with Linux, I can just run it
                    on my 386 simulator.
                    
                    >   MINIX was designed to be reasonably portable, and has been ported from the
                    >   Intel line to the 680x0 (Atari, Amiga, Macintosh), SPARC, and NS32016.
                    >   LINUX is tied fairly closely to the 80x86.  Not the way to go.
                    
                    That's fine for the people who have those machines, but it wasn't a free 
                    lunch. That portibility was gained at the cost of some performance and some 
                    features on the 386. Before you decide that LINUX is not the way to go, you
                    should think about what it is going to be used for.  I am going to use it for
                    running memory and computation intensive graphics programs on my 486. For me,
                    speed and memory were more important then future state-of-the-artness and
                    portability.
                    
                    >But in all honesty, I would
                    >suggest that people who want a **MODERN** "free" OS look around for a 
                    >microkernel-based, portable OS, like maybe GNU or something like that.
                    
                    I don't know of any free microkernel-based, portable OSes. GNU is still
                    vaporware, and likely to remain that way for the forseeable future. Do 
                    you actually have one to recomend, or are you just toying with me? ;-)
                    
                    In article <12615@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >My point is that writing a new operating system that is closely tied to any
                    >particular piece of hardware, especially a weird one like the Intel line,
                    >is basically wrong.  An OS itself should be easily portable to new hardware
                    >platforms.
                    
                    I think I see where I disagree with you now. You are looking at OS design
                    as an end in itself. Minix is good because it is portable/Micro-Kernal/etc.
                    Linux is not good because it is monolithic/tightly tied to Intel/etc. That
                    is not a strange attitude for someone in the acedemic world, but it is not
                    something you should expect to be universally shared. Linux is not being written
                    as a teaching tool, or as an abstract exercise. It is being written to allow
                    people to run GNU-type software _today_. The fact that it may not be in use
                    in five years is less important then the fact that today (well, by April
                    probably) I can run all sorts of software on it that I want to run. You keep
                    saying that Minix is better, but if it will not run the software that I want
                    to run, it really isn't that good (for me) at all.
                    
                    >                     When OS/360 was written in assembler for the IBM 360
                    >25 years ago, they probably could be excused.  When MS-DOS was written
                    >specifically for the 8088 ten years ago, this was less than brilliant, as
                    >IBM and Microsoft now only too painfully realize.
                    
                    Same point. MSoft did not come out with Dos to "explore the frontiers of os
                    research". They did it to make a buck. And considering the fact that MS-DOS
                    probably still outsells everyone else put together, I don't think that you 
                    say that they have failed _in their goals_. Not that MS-Dos is the best OS
                    in terms of anything else, only that it has served their needs. 
                    
                    Michael
                    From: julien@incal.inria.fr (Julien Maisonneuve)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 3 Feb 92 17:10:14 GMT
                    
                    I would like to second Kevin brown in most of his remarks.
                    I'll add a few user points :
                    - When ast states that FS multithreading is useless, it reminds me of the many
                    times I tried to let a job run in the background (like when reading an archive on
                    a floppy), it is just unusable, the & shell operator could even have been left
                    out.
                    - Most interesting utilities are not even compilable under Minix because of the
                    ATK compiler's incredible limits. Those were hardly understandable on a basic PC,
                    but become absurd on a 386. Every stupid DOS compiler has a large model (more
                    expensive, OK). I hate the 13 bit compress !
                    - The lack of Virtual Memory support prevents people studying this area to
                    experiment, and prevents users to use large programs. The strange design of the
                    MM also makes it hard to modify.
                    
                    The problem is that even doing exploratory work under minix is painful.
                    If you want to get any work done (or even fun), even DOS is becoming a better
                    alternative (with things like DJ GPP).
                    In its basic form, it is really no more than OS course example, a good
                    toy, but a toy. Obtaining and applying patches is a pain, and precludes further
                    upgrades.
                    
                    Too bad when not so much is missing to make it really good.
                    Thanks for the work andy, but Linux didn't deserve your answer.
                    For the common people, it does many things better than Minix.
                    
                                             Julien Maisonneuve.
                    
                    This is not a flame, just my experience.
                    From: richard@aiai.ed.ac.uk (Richard Tobin)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 4 Feb 92 14:46:49 GMT
                    Reply-To: richard@aiai.UUCP (Richard Tobin)
                    Organization: AIAI, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
                    
                    In article <12615@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >A multithreaded file system is only a performance hack.  When there is only
                    >one job active, the normal case on a small PC, it buys you nothing 
                    
                    I find the single-threaded file system a serious pain when using
                    Minix.  I often want to do something else while reading files from the
                    (excruciatingly slow) floppy disk.  I rather like to play rogue while
                    waiting for large C or Lisp compilations.  I look to look at files in
                    one editor buffer while compiling in another.
                    
                    (The problem would be somewhat less if the file system stuck to
                    serving files and didn't interact with terminal i/o.)
                    
                    Of course, in basic Minix with no virtual consoles and no chance of
                    running emacs, this isn't much of a problem.  But to most people
                    that's a failure, not an advantage.  It just isn't the case that on
                    single-user machines there's no use for more than one active process;
                    the idea only has any plausibility because so many people are used to
                    poor machines with poor operating systems.
                    
                    As to portability, Minix only wins because of its limited ambitions.
                    If you wanted a full-featured Unix with paging, job-control, a window
                    system and so on, would it be quicker to start from basic Minix and
                    add the features, or to start from Linux and fix the 386-specific
                    bits?  I don't think it's fair to criticise Linux when its aims are so
                    different from Minix's.  If you want a system for pedagogical use,
                    Minix is the answer.  But if what you want is an environment as much
                    like (say) a Sun as possible on your home computer, it has some
                    deficiencies.
                    
                     --  Richard
                    From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 5 Feb 92 14:48:48 GMT
                    Organization: Fac. Wiskunde & Informatica, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
                    
                    In article <6121@skye.ed.ac.uk> richard@aiai.UUCP (Richard Tobin) writes:
                    >If you wanted a full-featured Unix with paging, job-control, a window
                    >system and so on, would it be quicker to start from basic Minix and
                    >add the features, or to start from Linux and fix the 386-specific
                    >bits?  
                    
                    Another option that seems to be totally forgotten here is buy UNIX or a
                    clone.  If you just want to USE the system, instead of hacking on its
                    internals, you don't need source code.  Coherent is only $99, and there
                    are various true UNIX systems with more features for more money.  For the
                    true hacker, not having source code is fatal, but for people who just
                    want a UNIX system, there are many alternatives (albeit not free).
                    
                    Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vul.nl)
                    From: ajt@doc.ic.ac.uk (Tony Travis)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 6 Feb 92 02:17:13 GMT
                    Organization: Department of Computing, Imperial College, University of London, UK.
                    
                    ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    > Another option that seems to be totally forgotten here is buy UNIX or a
                    > clone.  If you just want to USE the system, instead of hacking on its
                    > internals, you don't need source code.  Coherent is only $99, and there
                    > are various true UNIX systems with more features for more money.  For the
                    > true hacker, not having source code is fatal, but for people who just
                    > want a UNIX system, there are many alternatives (albeit not free).
                    
                    Andy, I have followed the development of Minix since the first messages
                    were posted to this group and I am now running 1.5.10 with Bruce
                    Evans's patches for the 386.
                    
                    I 'just' want a Unix on my PC and I am not interested in hacking on its
                    internals, but I *do* want the source code!
                    
                    An important principle underlying the success and popularity of Unix is
                    the philosophy of building on the work of others.
                    
                    This philosophy relies upon the availability of the source code in
                    order that it can be examined, modified and re-used in new software.
                    
                    Many years ago, I was in the happy position of being an AT&T Seventh
                    Edition Unix source licencee but, even then, I saw your decision to
                    make the source of Minix available as liberation from the shackles of
                    AT&T copyright!!
                    
                    I think you may sometimes forget that your 'hobby' has had a profound
                    effect on the availability of 'personal' Unix (ie. affordable Unix) and
                    that the 8086 PC I ran Minix 1.2 on actually cost me considerably more
                    than my present 386/SX clone.
                    
                    Clearly, Minix _cannot_ be all things to all men, but I see the
                    progress to 386 versions in much the same way that I see 68000 or other
                    linear address space architectures: it is a good thing for people like
                    me who use Minix and feel constrained by the segmented architecture of
                    the PC version for applications.
                    
                    NOTHING you can say would convince me that I should use Coherent ...
                    
                         Tony
                    From: richard@aiai.ed.ac.uk (Richard Tobin)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 7 Feb 92 14:58:22 GMT
                    Organization: AIAI, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
                    
                    In article <12696@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >If you just want to USE the system, instead of hacking on its
                    >internals, you don't need source code.
                    
                    Unfortunately hacking on the internals is just what many of us want
                    the system for...  You'll be rid of most of us when BSD-detox or GNU
                    comes out, which should happen in the next few months (yeah, right).
                    
                     --  Richard
                    From: comm121@unixg.ubc.ca (Louie)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 30 Jan 92 02:55:22 GMT
                    Organization: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
                    
                    In <12595@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    
                    >But in all honesty, I would
                    >suggest that people who want a **MODERN** "free" OS look around for a 
                    >microkernel-based, portable OS, like maybe GNU or something like that.
                    
                    There are really no other alternatives other than Linux for people like
                    me who want a "free" OS.  Considering that the majority of people who
                    would use a "free" OS use the 386, portability is really not all that
                    big of a concern.  If I had a Sparc I would use Solaris.  
                    
                    As it stands, I installed Linux with gcc, emacs 18.57, kermit and all of the 
                    GNU utilities without any trouble at all.  No need to apply patches. I
                    just followed the installation instructions.  I can't get an OS like
                    this *anywhere* for the price to do my Computer Science homework. And
                    it seems like network support and then X-Windows will be ported to Linux
                    well before Minix.  This is something that would be really useful. In my
                    opinion, portability of standard Unix software is important also.
                    
                    I know that the design using a monolithic system is not as good as the
                    microkernel.  But for the short term future (And I know I won't/can't
                    be uprading from my 386), Linux suits me perfectly.
                    
                    Philip Wu
                    pwu@unixg.ubc.ca
                    From: dgraham@bmers30.bnr.ca (Douglas Graham)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 1 Feb 92 00:26:30 GMT
                    Organization: Bell-Northern Research, Ottawa, Canada
                    
                    In article <12595@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    
                    >   While I could go into a long story here about the relative merits of the
                    >   two designs, suffice it to say that among the people who actually design
                    >   operating systems, the debate is essentially over.  Microkernels have won.
                    
                    Can you recommend any (unbiased) literature that points out the strengths
                    and weaknesses of the two approaches?  I'm sure that there is something
                    to be said for the microkernel approach, but I wonder how closely
                    Minix resembles the other systems that use it.  Sure, Minix uses lots
                    of tasks and messages, but there must be more to a microkernel architecture
                    than that.  I suspect that the Minix code is not split optimally into tasks.
                    
                    >   The only real argument for monolithic systems was performance, and there
                    >   is now enough evidence showing that microkernel systems can be just as
                    >   fast as monolithic systems (e.g., Rick Rashid has published papers comparing
                    >   Mach 3.0 to monolithic systems) that it is now all over but the shoutin`.
                    
                    My main complaint with Minix is not it's performance.  It is that adding
                    features is a royal pain  --  something that I presume a microkernel
                    architecure is supposed to alleviate.
                    
                    >   MINIX is a microkernel-based system.
                    
                    Is there a consensus on this?
                    
                    >   LINUX is
                    >   a monolithic style system.  This is a giant step back into the 1970s.
                    >   That is like taking an existing, working C program and rewriting it in
                    >   BASIC.  To me, writing a monolithic system in 1991 is a truly poor idea.
                    
                    This is a fine assertion, but I've yet to see any rationale for it.
                    Linux is only about 12000 lines of code I think.  I don't see how
                    splitting that into tasks and blasting messages around would improve it.
                    
                    >Don't get me wrong, I am not unhappy with LINUX.  It will get all the people
                    >who want to turn MINIX in BSD UNIX off my back.  But in all honesty, I would
                    >suggest that people who want a **MODERN** "free" OS look around for a 
                    >microkernel-based, portable OS, like maybe GNU or something like that.
                    
                    Well, there are no other choices that I'm aware of at the moment.  But
                    when GNU OS comes out, I'll very likely jump ship again.  I sense that
                    you *are* somewhat unhappy about Linux (and that surprises me somewhat).
                    I would guess that the reason so many people embraced it, is because it
                    offers more features.  Your approach to people requesting features in
                    Minix, has generally been to tell them that they didn't really want that
                    feature anyway.  I submit that the exodus in the direction of Linux
                    proves you wrong.
                    
                    Disclaimer:  I had nothing to do with Linux development.  I just find
                                 it an easier system to understand than Minix.
                     -- 
                    Doug Graham         dgraham@bnr.ca         My opinions are my own.
                    From: hedrick@klinzhai.rutgers.edu (Charles Hedrick)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 1 Feb 92 00:27:04 GMT
                    Organization: Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J.
                    
                    The history of software shows that availability wins out over
                    technical quality every time.  That's Linux' major advantage.  It's a
                    small 386-based system that's fairly compatible with generic Unix, and
                    is freely available.  I dropped out of the Minix community a couple of
                    years ago when it became clear that (1) Minix was not going to take
                    advantage of anything beyond the 8086 anytime in the near future, and
                    (2) the licensing  --  while amazingly friendly  --  still made it hard
                    for people who were interested in producing a 386 version.  Several
                    people apparently did nice work for the 386.  But all they could
                    distribute were diffs.  This made bringing up a 386 system a job that
                    isn't practical for a new user, and in fact I wasn't sure I wanted to
                    do it.  
                    
                    I apologize if things have changed in the last couple of years.  If
                    it's now possible to get a 386 version in a form that's ready to run,
                    the community has developed a way to share Minix source, and bringing
                    up normal Unix programs has become easier in the interim, then I'm
                    willing to reconsider Minix.  I do like its design.
                    
                    It's possible that Linux will be overtaken by Gnu or a free BSD.
                    However, if the Gnu OS follows the example of all other Gnu software,
                    it will require a system with 128MB of memory and a 1GB disk to use.
                    There will still be room for a small system.  My ideal OS would be 4.4
                    BSD.  But 4.4's release date has a history of extreme slippage.  With
                    most of their staff moving to BSDI, it's hard to believe that this
                    situation is going to be improved.  For my own personal use, the BSDI
                    system will probably be great.  But even their very attractive pricing
                    is likely to be too much for most of our students, and even though
                    users can get source from them, the fact that some of it is
                    proprietary will again mean that you can't just put altered code out
                    for public FTP.  At any rate, Linux exists, and the rest of these
                    alternatives are vapor.
                    From: tytso@athena.mit.edu (Theodore Y. Ts'o)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 31 Jan 92 21:40:23 GMT
                    Organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
                    In-Reply-To: ast@cs.vu.nl's message of 29 Jan 92 12: 12:50 GMT
                    
                    >From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum)
                    
                    >ftp.cs.vu.nl =  192.31.231.42 in dir minix/simulator.)  I think it is a
                    >gross error to design an OS for any specific architecture, since that is
                    >not going to be around all that long.
                    
                    It's not your fault for believing that Linux is tied to the 80386
                    architecture, since many Linux supporters (including Linus himself) have
                    made the this statement.  However, the amount of 80386-specific code is
                    probably not much more than what is in a Minix implementation, and there
                    is certainly a lot less 80386 specific code in Linux than here is
                    Vax-specific code in BSD 4.3.
                    
                    Granted, the port to other architectures hasn't been done yet.  But if I
                    were going to bring up a Unix-like system on a new architecture, I'd
                    probably start with Linux rather than Minix, simply because I want to
                    have some control over what I can do with the resulting system when I'm
                    done with it.  Yes, I'd have to rewrite large portions of the VM and
                    device driver layers  -- - but I'd have to do that with any other OS.
                    Maybe it would be a little bit harder than it would to port Minix to the
                    new architecture; but this would probably be only true for the first
                    architecture that we ported Linux to.
                    
                    >While I could go into a long story here about the relative merits of the
                    >two designs, suffice it to say that among the people who actually design
                    >operating systems, the debate is essentially over.  Microkernels have won.
                    >The only real argument for monolithic systems was performance, and there
                    >is now enough evidence showing that microkernel systems can be just as
                    >fast as monolithic systems (e.g., Rick Rashid has published papers comparing
                    >Mach 3.0 to monolithic systems) that it is now all over but the shoutin'.
                    
                    This is not necessarily the case; I think you're painting a much more
                    black and white view of the universe than necessarily exists.  I refer
                    you to such papers as Brent Welsh's (welch@parc.xerox.com) "The
                    Filsystem Belongs in the Kernel" paper, where in he argues that the
                    filesystem is a mature enough abstraction that it should live in the
                    kernel, not outside of it as it would in a strict microkernel design.
                    
                    There also several people who have been concerned about the speed of
                    OSF/1 Mach when compared with monolithic systems; in particular, the
                    nubmer of context switches required to handle network traffic, and
                    networked filesystems in particular.
                    
                    I am aware of the benefits of a micro kernel approach.  However, the
                    fact remains that Linux is here, and GNU isn't  -- - and people have been
                    working on Hurd for a lot longer than Linus has been working on Linux.
                    Minix doesn't count because it's not free.  :-)  
                    
                    I suspect that the balance of micro kernels versus monolithic kernels
                    depend on what you're doing.  If you're interested in doing research, it
                    is obviously much easier to rip out and replace modules in a micro
                    kernel, and since only researchers write papers about operating systems,
                    ipso facto micro kernels must be the right approach.  However, I do know
                    a lot of people who are not researchers, but who are rather practical
                    kernel programmers, who have a lot of concerns over the cost of copying
                    and the cost of context switches which are incurred in a micro kernel.
                    
                    By the way, I don't buy your arguments that you don't need a
                    multi-threaded filesystem on a single user system.  Once you bring up a
                    windowing system, and have a compile going in one window, a news reader
                    in another window, and UUCP/C News going in the background, you want
                    good filesystem performance, even on a single-user system.  Maybe to a
                    theorist it's an unnecessary optimization and a (to use your words)
                    "performance hack", but I'm interested in a Real operating system  -- -
                    not a research toy.
                    =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
                    Theodore Ts'o                           bloom-beacon!mit-athena!tytso
                    308 High St., Medford, MA 02155          tytso@athena.mit.edu
                       Everybody's playing the game, but nobody's rules are the same!
                    From: joe@jshark.rn.com
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 31 Jan 92 13:21:44 GMT
                    Organization: a blip of entropy
                    
                    In article <12595@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >
                    >   MINIX was designed to be reasonably portable, and has been ported from the
                    >   Intel line to the 680x0 (Atari, Amiga, Macintosh), SPARC, and NS32016.
                    >   LINUX is tied fairly closely to the 80x86.  Not the way to go.
                    
                    If you looked at the source instead of believing the author, you'd realise
                    this is not true!
                    
                    He's replaced 'fubyte' by a routine which explicitly uses a segment register
                    - but that could be easily changed. Similarly, apart from a couple of places
                    which assume the '386 MMU, a couple of macros to hide the exact page sizes
                    etc would make porting trivial. Using '386 TSS's makes the code simpler,
                    but the VAX and WE32000 have similar structures.
                    
                    As he's already admitted, a bit of planning would have the the system
                    neater, but merely putting '386 assembler around isn't a crime!
                    
                    And with all due respect:
                      - the Book didn't make an issue of portability (apart from a few
                        "#ifdef M8088"s)
                      - by the time it was released, Minix had come to depend on several
                        8086 "features" that caused uproar from the 68000 users.
                    
                    >Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl)
                    
                    joe.
                    From: entropy@wintermute.WPI.EDU (Lawrence C. Foard)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 5 Feb 92 14:56:30 GMT
                    Organization: Worcester Polytechnic Institute
                    
                    In article <12595@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >Don`t get me wrong, I am not unhappy with LINUX.  It will get all the people
                    >who want to turn MINIX in BSD UNIX off my back.  But in all honesty, I would
                    >suggest that people who want a **MODERN** "free" OS look around for a 
                    >microkernel-based, portable OS, like maybe GNU or something like that.
                    
                    I believe you have some valid points, although I am not sure that a
                    microkernel is necessarily better. It might make more sense to allow some
                    combination of the two. As part of the IPC code I'm writting for Linux I am
                    going to include code that will allow device drivers and file systems to run
                    as user processes. These will be significantly slower though, and I believe it
                    would be a mistake to move everything outside the kernel (TCP/IP will be
                    internal).
                    
                    Actually my main problem with OS theorists is that they have never tested
                    there ideas! None of these ideas (with a partial exception for MACH) has ever
                    seen the light of day. 32 bit home computers have been available for almost a
                    decade and Linus was the first person to ever write a working OS for them
                    that can be used without paying AT&T $100,000. A piece of software in hand is
                    worth ten pieces of vaporware, OS theorists are quick to jump all over an OS
                    but they are unwilling to ever provide an alternative. 
                    
                    The general consensus that Micro kernels is the way to go means nothing when
                    a real application has never even run on one.
                    
                    The release of Linux is allowing me to try some ideas I've been wanting to
                    experment with for years, but I have never had the opportunity to work with
                    source code for a functioning OS.
                    From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 5 Feb 92 23:33:23 GMT
                    Organization: Fac. Wiskunde & Informatica, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
                    
                    In article <1992Feb5.145630.759@wpi.WPI.EDU> entropy@wintermute.WPI.EDU (Lawrence 
                    C. Foard) writes:
                    >Actually my main problem with OS theorists is that they have never tested
                    >there ideas! 
                    I'm mortally insulted.  I AM NOT A THEORIST.  Ask anybody who was at our
                    department meeting yesterday (in joke).
                    
                    Actually, these ideas have been very well tested in practice.  OSF is betting
                    its whole business on a microkernel (Mach 3.0).  USL is betting its business
                    on another one (Chorus).  Both of these run lots of software, and both have
                    been extensively compared to monolithic systems.  Amoeba has been fully
                    implemented and tested for a number of applications.  QNX is a microkernel
                    based system, and someone just told me the installed base is 200,000 systems.
                    Microkernels are not a pipe dream.  They represent proven technology.
                    
                    The Mach guys wrote a paper called "UNIX as an application program."
                    It was by Golub et al., in the Summer 1990 USENIX conference.  The Chorus
                    people also have a technical report on microkernel performance, and I 
                    coauthored another paper on the subject, which I mentioned yesterday
                    (Dec. 1991 Computing Systems).  Check them out.
                    
                    Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl)
                    From: peter@ferranti.com (peter da silva)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Organization: Xenix Support, FICC
                    Date: Thu, 6 Feb 1992 16:02:47 GMT
                    
                    In article <12747@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    > QNX is a microkernel
                    > based system, and someone just told me the installed base is 200,000 systems.
                    
                    Oh yes, while I'm on the subject... there are over 3 million Amigas out there,
                    which means that there are more of them than any UNIX vendor has shipped, and
                    probably more than all UNIX systems combined.
                    From: peter@ferranti.com (peter da silva)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Organization: Xenix Support, FICC
                    Date: Thu, 6 Feb 1992 16:00:22 GMT
                    
                    In article <1992Feb5.145630.759@wpi.WPI.EDU> entropy@wintermute.WPI.EDU (Lawrence 
                    C. Foard) writes:
                    > Actually my main problem with OS theorists is that they have never tested
                    > there ideas!
                    
                    I beg to differ... there are many microkernel operating systems out there
                    for everything from an 8088 (QNX) up to large research systems.
                    
                    > None of these ideas (with a partial exception for MACH) has ever
                    > seen the light of day. 32 bit home computers have been available for almost a
                    > decade and Linus was the first person to ever write a working OS for them
                    > that can be used without paying AT&T $100,000.
                    
                    I must have been imagining AmigaOS, then. I've been using a figment of my
                    imagination for the past 6 years.
                    
                    AmigaOS is a microkernel message-passing design, with better response time
                    and performance than any other readily available PC operating system: including
                    MINIX, OS/2, Windows, MacOS, Linux, UNIX, and *certainly* MS-DOS.
                    
                    The microkernel design has proven invaluable. Things like new file systems
                    that are normally available only from the vendor are hobbyist products on
                    the Amiga. Device drivers are simply shared libraries and tasks with specific
                    entry points and message ports. So are file systems, the window system, and
                    so on. It's a WONDERFUL design, and validates everything that people have
                    been saying about microkernels. Yes, it takes more work to get them off the
                    ground than a coroutine based macrokernel like UNIX, but the versatility
                    pays you back many times over.
                    
                    I really wish Andy would do a new MINIX based on what has been learned since
                    the first release. The factoring of responsibilities in MINIX is fairly poor,
                    but the basic concept is good.
                    
                    > The general consensus that Micro kernels is the way to go means nothing when
                    > a real application has never even run on one.
                    
                    I'm dreaming again. I sure throught Deluxe Paint, Sculpt 3d, Photon Paint,
                    Manx C, Manx SDB, Perfect Sound, Videoscape 3d, and the other programs I
                    bought for my Amiga were "real". I'll have to send the damn things back now,
                    I guess.
                    
                    The availability of Linux is great. I'm delighted it exists. I'm sure that
                    the macrokernel design is one reason it has been implemented so fast, and this
                    is a valid reason to use macrokernels. BUT... this doesn't mean that
                    microkernels are inherently slow, or simply research toys.
                    From: dsmythe@netcom.COM (Dave Smythe)
                    Subject: Re: LINUX is obsolete
                    Date: 10 Feb 92 07:08:22 GMT
                    Organization: Netcom - Online Communication Services  (408 241-9760 guest)
                    
                    In article <1992Feb5.145630.759@wpi.WPI.EDU> entropy@wintermute.WPI.EDU (Lawrence 
                    C. Foard) writes:
                    >Actually my main problem with OS theorists is that they have never tested
                    >there ideas! None of these ideas (with a partial exception for MACH) has ever
                    >seen the light of day.
                    
                    David Cheriton (Prof. at Stanford, and author of the V system) said something
                    similar to this in a class in distributed systems.  Paraphrased:
                    
                      "There are two kinds of researchers: those that have implemented
                       something and those that have not.  The latter will tell you that
                       there are 142 ways of doing things and that there isn't consensus
                       on which is best.  The former will simply tell you that 141 of 
                       them don't work."
                    
                    He really rips on the OSI-philes as well, for a similar reason.  The Internet
                    protocols are adapted only after having been in use for a period of time,
                    preventing things from getting standardized that will never be implementable
                    in a reasonable fashion.  OSI adherents, on the other hand, seem intent on
                    standardizing everything possible, including "escapes" from the standard,
                    before a reasonable reference implementation exists.  Consequently, you see
                    obsolete ideas immortalized, such as sub-byte-level data field packing,
                    which makes good performance difficult when your computer is drinking from
                    a 10+ Gbs fire-hose :-).
                    
                    Just my $.02
                    
                    D
                    From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
                    Subject: Apologies (was Re: LINUX is obsolete)
                    Date: 30 Jan 92 15:38:16 GMT
                    Organization: University of Helsinki
                    
                    In article <1992Jan29.231426.20469@klaava.Helsinki.FI> I wrote:
                    >Well, with a subject like this, I'm afraid I'll have to reply.
                    
                    And reply I did, with complete abandon, and no thought for good taste
                    and netiquette.  Apologies to ast, and thanks to John Nall for a friendy
                    "that's not how it's done"-letter.  I over-reacted, and am now composing
                    a (much less acerbic) personal letter to ast.  Hope nobody was turned
                    away from linux due to it being (a) possibly obsolete (I still think
                    that's not the case, although some of the criticisms are valid) and (b)
                    written by a hothead :-)
                    
                              Linus "my first, and hopefully last flamefest" Torvalds
                    From: pmacdona@sanjuan (Peter MacDonald)
                    Subject: re: Linux is obsolete
                    Date: 1 Feb 92 02:10:06 GMT
                    Organization: University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, CANADA
                    
                    Since I think I posted one of the earliest messages in all this discussion
                    of Minix vs Linux, I feel compelled to comment on my reasons for 
                    switching from Minix to Linux.  In order of importance they are:
                    
                      1) Linux is free
                      2) Linux is evolving at a satisfactory clip (because new features
                         are accepted into the distribution by Linus).
                    
                    The first requires some explanation, because if I have already purchased
                    Minix, what posssible concern could price have for me?  Simple.
                    If the OS is free, many more people will use/support/enhance it.
                    This is also the same reasoning I used when I bought my 386 instead
                    of a sparc (which I could have got for just 30% more).  Since 
PCs are cheap and generally available, more people will buy/use
                    them and thus good, cheap/free software will be abundant. 
                    
                    The second should be pretty obvious to anyone who has been using Minix
                    for for any period of time.  AST generally does not accept enhancements
                    to Minix.  This is not meant as a challenge, but merely a statement of
                    fact.  AST has good and legitimate reasons for this, and I do not dispute
                    them.  But Minix has some limitations which I just could no longer
                    live with, and due to this policy, the prospect of seeing them resolved
                    in reasonable time was unsatisfactory.  These limitations include:
                    
                       no 386 support
                       no virtual consoles
                       no soft links
                       no select call
                       no ptys
                       no demand paging/swapping/shared-text/shared-libs... (efficient mm)
                       chmem (inflexible mm)
                       no X-Windows (advocated for the same reasons as Linux and the 386).
                       no TCP/IP
                       no GNU/SysV integration (portability)
                       
                    Some of these could be fixed by patches (and if you have done this
                    yourself, I don't have to tell you how satisfactory that is), but at 
                    least the last 5 items were/are beyond any reasonable expectation.
                    
                    Finally, my comment (crack?) about Minix's segmented kernel, or
                    micro-kernel architecture was more an expression of my frustration/
                    bewilderment at attempting to use the Minix PTY patches as a guide
                    of how to do it under Linux.  That particular instance was one where
                    message passing greatly complicated the implementation of a feature.
                    
                    I do have an opinion about Monlithic vs Message Passing, but won't 
                    express it now, and did not mean to expresss it then.  My goals are
                    totally short term (maximum functionality in the minimum amount of 
                    time/cost/hassle), and so my views on this are irrelevant, and should
                    not be misconstrued.  If you are non-plussed by the lack of the above
                    features, then you should consider Minix, as long as you don't mind 
                    paying of course :)
                    From: olaf@oski.toppoint.de (Olaf Schlueter)
                    Subject: Re: Linux is obsolete
                    Date: 7 Feb 92 11:41:44 GMT
                    Organization: Toppoint Mailbox e.V.
                    
                    Just a few comments to the discussion of Linux vs Minix, which evolved
                    partly to a discussion of monolithic vs micro-kernel.
                    
                    I think there will be no aggreement between the two parties advocating
                    either concept, if they forget, that Linux and Minix have been designed
                    for different applications.  If you want a cheap, powerful and
                    enhancable Unix system running on a single machine, with the possibility
                    to adapt standard Unix software without pain, then Linux is for you.  If
                    you are interested in modern operating system concepts, and want to
                    learn how a microkernel based system works, then Minix is the better
                    choice. 
                    
                    It is not an argument against microkernel system, that for the time
                    being monolithic implemenations of Unix on PCs have a better
                    performance.  This means only, that Unix is maybe better implemented as
                    a monolithic OS, at least as long as it runs on a single machine.  From
                    the users point of view, the internal design of the OS doesn't matter at
                    all.  Until it comes to networks.  On the monolithic approach, a file
                    server will become a user process based on some hardware facility like
                    ethernet.  Programs which want to use this facility will have to use
                    special libraries which offer the calls for communication with this
                    server.  In a microkernel system it is possible to incorporate the
                    server into the OS without the need for new "system" calls.  From the
                    users point of view this has the advantage, that nothing changes, he
                    just gets better performance (in terms of more disk space for example). 
                    From the implementors point of view, the microkernel system is faster
                    adaptable to changes in hardware design. 
                    
                    It has been critized, that AST rejects any improvements to Minix.  As he
                    is interested in the educational value of Minix, I understand his
                    argument, that he wants to keep the code simple, and don't want to
                    overload it with features.  As an educational tool, Minix is written as
                    a microkernel system, although it is running on hardware platforms, who
                    will probably better perform with a monolithic OS.  But the area of
                    network applications is growing and modern OS like Amoeba or Plan 9
                    cannot be written as monolithic systems.  So Minix has been written with
                    the intention to give students a practical example of a microkernel OS,
                    to let them play with tasks and messages.  It was not the idea to give a
                    lot of people a cheap, powerful OS for a tenth of the price of SYSV or
                    BSD implementations. 
                    
                    Resumee: Linux is not better than Minix, or the other way round. They
                    are different for good reasons.
                    From: meggin@epas.utoronto.ca (David Megginson)
                    Subject: Mach/Minix/Linux/Gnu etc.
                    Date: 1 Feb 92 17:11:03 GMT
                    Organization: University of Toronto - EPAS
                    
                    Well, this has been a fun discussion. I am absolutely convinced by
                    Prof. Tanenbaum that a micro-kernel _is_ the way to go, but the more
                    I look at the Minix source, the less I believe that it is a
                    micro-kernel.  I would probably not bother porting Linux to the
                    M68000, but I want more services than Minix can offer.
                    
                    What about a micro-kernel which is message/syscall compatible with
                    MACH? It doesn't actually have to do everything that MACH does, like
                    virtual memory paging  --  it just has to _look_ like MACH from the
                    outside, to fool programs like the future Gnu Unix-emulator, BSD, etc.
                    This would extend the useful lives of our M68000- or 80286-based
                    machines for a little longer. In the meantime, I will probably stay
                    with Minix for my ST rather than switching back to MiNT  --  after all,
                    Minix at least looks like Unix, while MiNT looks like TOS trying to
                    look like Unix (it has to, to be TOS compatible).
                    
                    David
                    From: peter@ferranti.com (peter da silva)
                    Newsgroups: comp.os.minix
                    Subject: What good does this war do? (Re: LINUX is obsolete)
                    Date: 3 Feb 92 16:37:24 GMT
                    Organization: Xenix Support, FICC
                    
                    Will you quit flaming each other?
                    
                    I mean, linux is designed to provide a reasonably high performance environment
                    on a hardware platform crippled by years of backwards-compatible kludges. Minix
                    is designed as a teaching tool. Neither is that good at doing the other's job,
                    and why should they? The fact that Minix runs out of steam quickly (and it
                    does) isn't a problem in its chosen mileau. It's sure better than the TOY
                    operating system. The fact that Linux isn't transportable beyond the 386/AT
                    platform isn't a problem when there are millions of them out there (and quite
                    cheap: you can get a 386/SX for well under $1000).
                    
                    A monolithic kernel is easy enough to build that it's worth doing it if it gets
                    a system out the door early. Think of it as a performance hack for programmer
                    time. The API is portable. You can replace the kernel with a microkernel
                    design (and MINIX isn't the be-all and end-all of microkernel designs either:
                    even for low end PCs... look at AmigaOS) without disturbing the applications.
                    That's the whole point of a portable API in the first place.
                    
                    Microkernels are definitely a better design for many tasks. I takes more
                    work to make them efficient, so a simpler design that doesn't take advantage
                    of the microkernel in any real way is worth doing for pedagogical reasons.
                    Think of it as a performance hack for student time. The design is still good
                    and when you can get an API to the microkernel interface you can get VERY
                    impressive performance (thousands of context switches per second on an 8
                    MHz 68000).
                    From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum)
                    Subject: Unhappy campers
                    Date: 3 Feb 92 22:46:40 GMT
                    Organization: Fac. Wiskunde & Informatica, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
                    
                    I've been getting a bit of mail lately from unhappy campers.  (Actually 10 
                    messages from the 43,000 readers may seem like a lot, but it is not really.)
                    There seem to be three sticking points:
                    
                       1. Monolithic kernels are just as good as microkernels
                       2. Portability isn't so important
                       3. Software ought to be free
                    
                    If people want to have a serious discussion of microkernels vs. monolithic
                    kernels, fine.  We can do that in comp.os.research.  But please don't sound off
                    if you have no idea of what you are talking about.  I have helped design
                    and implement 3 operating systems, one monolithic and two micro, and have 
                    studied many others in detail.  Many of the arguments offered are nonstarters
                    (e.g., microkernels are no good because you can't do paging in user space -- 
                    except that Mach DOES do paging in user space).  
                    
                    If you don't know much about microkernels vs. monolithic kernels, there is
                    some useful information in a paper I coauthored with Fred Douglis, Frans
                    Kaashoek and John Ousterhout in the Dec. 1991 issue of COMPUTING SYSTEMS, the 
                    USENIX journal).  If you don't have that journal, you can FTP the paper from 
                    ftp.cs.vu.nl (192.31.231.42) in directory amoeba/papers as comp_sys.tex.Z 
                    (compressed TeX source) or comp_sys.ps.Z (compressed PostScript). The paper
                    gives actual performance measurements and supports Rick Rashid's conclusion that 
                    microkernel based systems are just as efficient as monolithic kernels.
                    
                    As to portability, there is hardly any serious discussion possible any more.
                    UNIX has been ported to everything from PCs to Crays.  Writing a portable
                    OS is not much harder than a nonportable one, and all systems should be
                    written with portability in mind these days.  Surely Linus' OS professor
                    pointed this out.  Making OS code portable is not something I invented in 1987.
                    
                    While most people can talk rationally about kernel design and portability,
                    the issue of free-ness is 100% emotional.  You wouldn't believe how much
[expletive deleted] I have gotten lately about MINIX not being free.  MINIX
                    costs $169, but the license allows making two backup copies, so the effective 
                    price can be under $60.  Furthermore, professors may make UNLIMITED copies 
                    for their students. Coherent is $99. FSF charges >$100 for the tape its "free" 
                    software comes on if you don't have Internet access, and I have never heard 
                    anyone complain.  4.4 BSD is $800.  I don't really believe money is the issue.
                    Besides, probably most of the people reading this group already have it.
                    
                    A point which I don't think everyone appreciates is that making something
                    available by FTP is not necessarily the way to provide the widest distribution.
                    The Internet is still a highly elite group.  Most computer users are NOT on it.
                    It is my understanding from PH that the country where MINIX is most widely used
                    is Germany, not the U.S., mostly because one of the (commercial) German 
                    computer magazines has been actively pushing it.  MINIX is also widely  used in
                    Eastern Europe, Japan, Israel, South America, etc.  Most of these people would
                    never have gotten it if there hadn't been a company selling it.
                    
                    Getting back to what "free" means, what about free source code?  Coherent
                    is binary only, but MINIX has source code, just as LINUX does.  You can change
                    it any way you want, and post the changes here.  People have been doing that 
                    for 5 years without problems. I have been giving free updates for years, too. 
                    
                    I think the real issue is something else. I've been repeatedly offered virtual
                    memory, paging, symbolic links, window systems, and all manner of features. I 
                    have usually declined because I am still trying to keep the system simple 
                    enough for students to understand.  You can put all this stuff in your version,
                    but I won't put it in mine. I think it is this point which irks the people who
                    say "MINIX is not free," not the $60.
                    
                    An interesting question is whether Linus is willing to let LINUX become "free"
                    of his control.  May people modify it (ruin it?) and sell it?  Remember the
                    hundreds of messages with subject "Re: Your software sold for money" when it 
                    was discovered the MINIX Centre in England was selling diskettes with news 
                    postings, more or less at cost?
                    
                    Suppose Fred van Kempen returns from the dead and wants to take over, creating
                    Fred's LINUX and Linus' LINUX, both useful but different. Is that ok?  The 
                    test comes when a sizable group of people want to evolve LINUX in a way Linus 
                    does not want.  Until that actually happens the point is moot, however.
                    
                    If you like Linus' philosophy rather than mine, by all means, follow him, but 
                    please don't claim that you're doing this because LINUX is "free."  Just
                    say that you want a system with lots of bells and whistles.  Fine. Your choice.
                    I have no argument with that.  Just tell the truth.
                    
                    As an aside, for those folks who don't read news headers, Linus is in Finland
                    and I am in The Netherlands.  Are we reaching a situation where another
                    critical industry, free software, that had been totally dominated by the U.S.
                    is being taken over by the foreign competition?  Will we soon see
                    President Bush coming to Europe with Richard Stallman and Rick Rashid
                    in tow, demanding that Europe import more American free software?
                    
                    Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl)
                    From: ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum)
                    Subject: Re: Unhappy campers
                    Date: 5 Feb 92 23:23:26 GMT
                    Organization: Fac. Wiskunde & Informatica, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
                    
                    In article <205@fishpond.uucp> fnf@fishpond.uucp (Fred Fish) writes:
                    >If PH was not granted a monopoly on distribution, it would have been possible
                    >for all of the interested minix hackers to organize and set up a group that
                    >was dedicated to producing enhanced-minix.  This aim of this group could have
                    >been to produce a single, supported version of minix with all of the commonly
                    >requested enhancements.  This would have allowed minix to evolve in much the
                    >same way that gcc has evolved over the last few years.  
                    This IS possible.  If a group of people wants to do this, that is fine.
                    I think co-ordinating 1000 prima donnas living all over the world will be
                    as easy as herding cats, but there is no legal problem.  When a new release
                    is ready, just make a diff listing against 1.5 and post it or make it FTPable.
                    While this will require some work on the part of the users to install it,
                    it isn't that much work.  Besides, I have shell scripts to make the diffs
                    and install them.  This is what Fred van Kempen was doing.  What he did wrong
                    was insist on the right to publish the new version, rather than diffs against
                    the PH baseline.  That cuts PH out of the loop, which, not surprisingly, they
                    weren't wild about.    If people still want to do this, go ahead.  
                    
                    Of course, I am not necessarily going to put any of these changes in my version,
                    so there is some work keeping the official and enhanced ones in sync, but I
                    am willing to co-operate to minimize work.  I did this for a long time with
                    Bruce Evans and Frans Meulenbroeks.
                    
                    If Linus wants to keep control of the official version, and a group of eager
                    beavers want to go off in a different direction, the same problem arises.
                    I don't think the copyright issue is really the problem.  The problem is
                    co-ordinating things.  Projects like GNU, MINIX, or LINUX  only hold together
                    if one person is in charge.   During the 1970s, when structured programming
                    was introduced, Harlan Mills pointed out that the programming team should
                    be organized like a surgical team -- one surgeon and his or her assistants,
                    not like a hog butchering team -- give everybody an axe and let them chop away.
                    
                    Anyone who says you can have a lot of widely dispersed people hack away on
                    a complicated piece of code and avoid total anarchy has never managed a
                    software project.  
                    
                    >Where is the sizeable group of people that want to evolve gcc in a way that
                    >rms/FSF does not approve of?
                    A compiler is not something people have much emotional attachment to.  If
                    the language to be compiled is a given (e.g., an ANSI standard), there isn't
                    much room for people to invent new features.  An operating system has unlimited
                    opportunity for people to implement their own favorite features. 
                    
                    Andy Tanenbaum (ast@cs.vu.nl)
                    From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds)
                    Subject: Re: Unhappy campers
                    Date: 6 Feb 92 10:33:31 GMT
                    Organization: University of Helsinki
                    
                    In article <12746@star.cs.vu.nl> ast@cs.vu.nl (Andy Tanenbaum) writes:
                    >
                    >If Linus wants to keep control of the official version, and a group of eager
                    >beavers want to go off in a different direction, the same problem arises.
                    
                    This is the second time I've seen this "accusation" from ast, who feels
                    pretty good about commenting on a kernel he probably haven't even seen.
                    Or at least he hasn't asked me, or even read alt.os.linux about this.
                    Just so that nobody takes his guess for the full thruth, here's my
                    standing on "keeping control", in 2 words (three?):
                    
                    I won't.
                    
                    The only control I've effectively been keeping on linux is that I know
                    it better than anybody else, and I've made my changes available to
                    ftp-sites etc.  Those have become effectively official releases, and I
                    don't expect this to change for some time: not because I feel I have
                    some moral right to it, but because I haven't heard too many complaints,
                    and it will be a couple of months before I expect to find people who
                    have the same "feel" for what happens in the kernel.  (Well, maybe
                    people are getting there: tytso certainly made some heavy changes even
                    to 0.10, and others have hacked it as well)
                    
                    In fact I have sent out feelers about some "linux-kernel" mailing list
                    which would make the decisions about releases, as I expect I cannot
                    fully support all the features that will /have/ to be added: SCSI etc,
                    that I don't have the hardware for.  The response has been non-existant:
                    people don't seem to be that eager to change yet.  (well, one person
                    felt I should ask around for donations so that I could support it - and
                    if anybody has interesting hardware lying around, I'd be happy to accept
                    it :)
                    
                    The only thing the copyright forbids (and I feel this is eminently
                    reasonable) is that other people start making money off it, and don't
                    make source available etc...  This may not be a question of logic, but
                    I'd feel very bad if someone could just sell my work for money, when I
                    made it available expressly so that people could play around with a
                    personal project.  I think most people see my point. 
                    
                    That aside, if Fred van Kempen wanted to make a super-linux, he's quite
                    wellcome.  He won't be able to make much money on it (distribution fee
                    only), and I don't think it's that good an idea to split linux up, but I
                    wouldn't want to stop him even if the copyright let me. 
                    
                    >I don't think the copyright issue is really the problem.  The problem is
                    >co-ordinating things.  Projects like GNU, MINIX, or LINUX  only hold together
                    >if one person is in charge.
                    
                    Yes, coordination is a big problem, and I don't think linux will move
                    away from me as "head surgeon" for some time, partly because most people
                    understand about these problems.  But copyright /is/ an issue: if people
                    feel I do a bad job, they can do it themselves.  Likewise with gcc.  The
                    minix copyright, however, means that if someone feels he could make a
                    better minix, he either has to make patches (which aren't that great
                    whatever you say about them) or start off from scratch (and be attacked
                    because you have other ideals). 
                    
                    Patches aren't much fun to distribute: I haven't made cdiffs for a
                    single version of linux yet (I expect this to change: soon the patches
                    will be so much smaller than the kernel that making both patches and a
                    complete version available is a good idea - note that I'd still make the
                    whole version available too). Patches upon patches are simply
                    impractical, especially for people that may do changes themselves.
                    
                    >>Where is the sizeable group of people that want to evolve gcc in a way that
                    >>rms/FSF does not approve of?
                    >A compiler is not something people have much emotional attachment to.  If
                    >the language to be compiled is a given (e.g., an ANSI standard), there isn't
                    >much room for people to invent new features.  An operating system has unlimited
                    >opportunity for people to implement their own favorite features. 
                    
                    Well, there's GNU emacs... Don't tell us people haven't got emotional
                    attachment to editors :)
                    
                              Linus
                    From: dmiller@acg.uucp (David Miller)
                    Subject: Linux is Obsolete and follow up postings
                    Date: 3 Feb 92 01:03:46 GMT
                    Organization: AppliedComputerGroup
                    
                    As an observer interested in operating system design, I couldn't resist this
                    thread.  Please realize that I am not really experienced with minux
                    or linux: I have been into unix for many years.  First, a few observations:
                    
                    Minix was written to be an educational tool for ASTs' classes, not a commercial
                    operating system. It was never a design parameter to have it run freely
                    available source code for unix systems.  I think it was also a statement of
                    how operating systems should be designed, with a micro kernel and seperate 
                    processes covering as much of the required functionality as possible.
                    
                    Linux was written mostly as a learning exercise on Linus part - how to 
                    program the 386 family.  Designing the ultimate operating system was not
                    an objective.  Providing a usable, free platform that would run all sorts
                    of widely available free software was a consideration, and one that appears
                    to have been well met.
                    
                    Criticism from anyone that either of these systems isn't what *they* would
                    like it to be is misplaced. After all, anybody that has a computer that will
                    run either system is free to do what Linus and Andrew did: write your own!
                    
                    I, for one, applaud Linus for his considerable effort in developing Linux
                    and his decision to make it free to everybody.  I applaud AST for his 
                    effort to make minix affordable - I have real trouble relating to complaints
                    that minix isn't free.  If you can afford the time to explore minix, and a
                    basic computer system, $150 is not much more - and you do get a book to go
                    with it.
                    
                    Next, a few questions for the professor:
                    
                    Is minix supposed to be a "real operating system" or an educational tool ?
                    As an educational tool it is an excellent work.  As a real operating system
                    it presents some terribly rough edges (why no malloc() ?, just for  starters)
                    My feeling from reading The Book and listening to postings here is that you
                    wanted a tool to teach your classes, and a lot of others wanted to play with
                    an affordable operating system.  These others have been trying to bolt on 
                    enough features to make it a "real operating system", with less than 
                    outstanding success.
                    
                    Why split fundemental os functions, such as memory management, into user
                    processes?  As all good *nix gurus know, the means to success is to
                    divide and conquer, with the goal being to *simplify* the problem into
                    managable, well defined components.  If splitting basic parts of the
                    operating system into user space processes complicates the function by
                    introducing additional mechanisms (message passing, complicated signals),
                    have we met the objective of simplifying the design and implementation?
                    
                    I agree that *nix has suffered a bad case of feature-itis - especially
                    sysVr4.  Perhaps the features that people want for either functionality
                    or compatibility could be offered by run-time loadable modules/libraries
                    that offer these features.  The micro-kernel would still be a base-level
                    resource manager that also routes function requests to the appropriate
                    module/library. The modules could be threads or user processes. (I think
                    - os hackers please correct me :-) )
                    
                    Just my $.04 worth - please feel free to post or email responses.
                    I have no formal progressive training in computer science, so I am really 
                    asking these questions in ignorance.  I suspect a lot of others on the
                    net have similar questions in their own minds, but I've been wrong before.
                    
                     --  David
                    From: michael@gandalf.informatik.rwth-aachen.de (Michael Haardt)
                    Subject: 1.6.17 summary and why I think AST is right.
                    Date: 6 Feb 92 20:07:25 GMT
                    Reply-To: u31b3hs@messua.informatik.rwth-aachen.de (Michael Haardt)
                    Organization: Gandalf - a 386-20 machine
                    
                    I will first give a summary of what you can expect from MINIX in *near*
                    future, and then explain why I think AST is right.
                    
                    Some time ago, I asked for details about the next MINIX release (1.6.17).
                    I got some response, but only from people running 1.6.16.  The following
                    informations are not official and may be wrong, but they are all I know
                    at the moment.  Correct me if something is wrong:
                    
                    -  The 1.6.17 patches will be relative to 1.5 as shipped by PH.
                    
                    -  The header files are clean.
                    
                    -  The two types of filesystems can be used together.
                    
                    -  The signal handling is rewritten for POSIX.  The old bug is removed.
                    
                    -  The ANSI compiler (available from Transmediar, I guess) comes with
                       compiler binaries and new libraries.
                    
                    -  There don't seem to be support for the Amoeba network protocol.
                    
                    -  times(2) returns a correct value.  termios(2) is implemented, but it's
                       more a hack.  I don't know if "implemented" means in the kernel, or the
                       current emulation.
                    
                    -  There is no documentation about the new filesystem.  There is a new fsck
                       and a new mkfs, don't know about de.
                    
                    -  With the ANSI compiler, there is better floating point support.
                    
                    -  The scheduler is improved, but not as good as written by Kai-Uwe Bloem.
                    
                    I asked these things to get facts for the decision if I should upgrade to
                    MINIX 1.6.17 or to Linux after the examens are over.  Well, the decision
                    is made: I will upgrade to Linux at the end of the month and remove MINIX
                    from my winchester, when Linux runs all the software I need and which currently
                    runs under MINIX 1.5 with heavy patches.  I guess this may take up to two
                    months.  These are the main reasons for my decision:
                    
                    -  There is no "current" MINIX release, which can be used as basis for
                       patches and nobody knows, when 1.6.17 will appear.
                    
                    -  The library contains several bugs and from what I have heard, there is
                       no work done at them.  There will not be a new compiler, and the 16 bit
                       users still have to use buggy ACK.
                    
                    -  1.6.17 should offer more POSIX, but a complete termios is still missing.
                    
                    -  I doubt that there is still much development for 16 bit users.
                    
                    I think I will stop maintaining the MINIX software list in a few months.
                    Anyone out there, who would like to continue it?  Until Linux runs
                    *perfect* on my machine, each update of Origami will still run on 16-bit
                    MINIX.  I will announce when the last of these versions appears.
                    
                    In my opinion, AST is right in his decision about MINIX.  I read the flame
                    war and can't resist to say that I like MINIX the way it is, now where
                    there is Linux.  MINIX has some advantages:
                    
                    -  You can start playing with it without a winchester, you can even
                       compile programs.  I did this a few years ago.
                    
                    -  It is so small, you don't need to know much to get a small system which
                       runs ok.
                    
                    -  There is the book.  Ok, only for version 1.3, but most of it is still valid.
                    
                    -  MINIX is an example of a non-monolithic kernel.  Call it a microkernel
                       or a hack to overcome braindamaged hardware: It demonstrates a concept,
                       with its pros and cons  --  a documented concept.
                    
                    In my eyes, it is a nice system for first steps in UNIX and systems
                    programming.  I learned most of what I know about UNIX with MINIX, in
                    all areas, from programming in C under UNIX to system administration
                    (and security holes:)  MINIX grew with me: 1.5.xx upgrades, virtual
                    consoles, mail & news, text processing, crosscompiling etc.  Now it is
                    too small for me.  I don't need a teaching system anymore, I would like
                    to get a more complicated and featureful UNIX, and there is one: Linux.
                    
                    Back in the old days, v7 was state of the art.  There was MINIX which
                    offered most of it.  In one or two years, POSIX is what you are used to
                    see.  Hopefully, there will be MINIX, offering most of it, with a new
                    book, for people who want to run a small system to play and experiment with.
                    
                    Stop flaming, MINIX and Linux are two different systems with different
                    purposes.  One is a teaching tool (and a good one I think), the other is
                    real UNIX for real hackers.
                    
                    Michael
                    From: dingbat@diku.dk (Niels Skov Olsen)
                    Subject: Re: 1.6.17 summary and why I think AST is right.
                    Date: 10 Feb 92 17:33:39 GMT
                    Organization: Department of Computer Science, U of Copenhagen
                    
                    michael@gandalf.informatik.rwth-aachen.de (Michael Haardt) writes:
                    
                    >Stop flaming, MINIX and Linux are two different systems with different
                    >purposes.  One is a teaching tool (and a good one I think), the other is
                    >real UNIX for real hackers.
                    
                    Hear, hear! And now Linux articles in alt.os.linux (or comp.os.misc 
                    if your site don't receive alt.*) and Minix articles here.
                    
                    eoff (end of flame fest :-)
                    
                    Niels


next up previous contents
Next: The Open Source Definition, Up: Open Sources Voices from Previous: Into the Future

Download this document: [src.tar.gz][ps.gz][html.tar.gz][dvi.gz]

Open Resources (www.openresources.com)
Last updated: 1999-08-06